Parents unknown: not the son of Daniel Meadowe & Elizabeth Meadowe. (Probably) the brother of Ambrose Meador, of the Rappahannock; he was not his son. The name of his wife is not known; seen as Sarah Ann Meador without evidence.

Additional Curator's Notes:

PLEASE be very careful when merging in this family. There are a great many repeats of the names John, Thomas and Elizabeth. Watch the dates and descriptive names, and you should be okay. Also note that the name Meador, Meadors and Meadows were used interchangeably in the late 1600's-early 1700's.In some texts, the name is written as Meads, which could easily be a shortened form of either Meador or Meadows. For simplicity's sake, we are using Meador as the surname in this family during this era.

Maria Edmonds-Zediker, Volunteer Curator, May 9, 2015

Biography

Thomas Meader died between June 6, 1655, the date of his will, and December 10, 1655, the appraisal of his estate.

Thomas's wife's name is unknown. She is mentioned only as "my wife" in his will. Also named in the will are five children - Mary, Thomas, John, Margaret, Joyce and Anna. After the birth of son Thomas, he was known as "the Elder" and the son was known as "the Younger," to distinguish between the two men.

Thomas appears with Ambrose Meaders on several land deeds in which Ambrose clearly identifies Thomas as his "dearly beloved son." [sic: a different Thomas than this one.] Thomas represented Ambrose as "attorney in fact" when Ambrose was unable to make it to court. Two documents include purchases of land from William Underwood and James Williamson, which in turn Thomas buys from his father. This land later is passed down to Thomas' heirs by will.

Thomas' name is found as "Meads" in the official documents, but it is reasonably clear that the Thomas Meads in the documents is Thomas Meader. Actual documents were not kept by the county clerk. The clerk copied documents into his record book. This leaves room for errors, depending on the attention to detail paid by the clerk. It was not uncommon for a clerk to use abbreviations in his work. Early day penmanship was such that it was often impossible to distinguish between and "o" or "e", or a terminal " s" or "r".Coupled with non-standardized spelling of names in that era, it is easy to see how Meader became Meads in the legal document. In addition, while documents for later generations of the family uniformly use a spelling of "Meadors," the spelling for Ambrose and Thomas varies between Meaders and Meadors.

When Thomas died in 1655-1656, he left behind six minor children. His son Thomas Meador the Younger is believed to be the oldest, but was still under the legal age. In the court session of August 6, 1655 Thomas Meador or Meads, orphan, petitioned the court that William Underwood be appointed his guardian. Further, it was ordered that the estate of Thomas Meades, deceased, then in the hands of George Bryer, be delivered to Underwood.

In January 1655 (1656 by modern dating), the Lancaster Court found that the estate was still undivided and had not been delivered to Underwood. The court then ordered four men, including Ambrose Meador and Francis Gower, to divide the estate according to the will of the deceased. The 700 acres mentioned in the will of Thomas Meads was the land that had been purchased from William Underwood and James Williamson.

Children of Thomas Meader:

• Thomas Meador "the Younger". was born about 1637 and died c.1658.
• John Meader b: 1638 in Lancaster Co., VA, married a daughter of Richard and Addra White
• Mary Meador was born abt 1640 in VA, married Richard Hobbs. b: 1644 d: 1683
• Margaret Meador was born abt 1642 in VA.
• Joyce Meador was born abt 1644 in VA.
• Anne Meador was born abt 1646 in VA

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Disambiguation

https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Thomas_Meads_%281%29

Thomas Meades and Thomas Meador, son of Ambrose Meador, have been confused and conflated by many persons posting information on the internet and elsewhere.[6] An unfortunate consequences of the confusion is the assumption that Thomas Meades [this profile] was a son of Ambrose Meador. He was not.

Thomas ‘the Elder’ Meades, of Lancaster County and Ambrose Meador, of the Rappahannock were contemporaries. Their sons, Thomas Meador, of South Farnham Parish, son of Ambrose Meador, and Thomas ‘the Younger/the Orphan’ Meades, son of Thomas Meades, were also contemporaries.

Separating Thomas Meador and Thomas Meades

Ambrose Meador had a son named Thomas Meador, born 1636.
Thomas Meades had a son, Thomas “Orphan” Meador, about 1638, when the son of Ambrose was still a very young child.
Thomas Meades could not be Thomas Meador the son of Ambrose Meador.

Thomas Meades died before August 1655. Thomas Meador, son of Ambrose Meador was still living in 1661 when he and his father shared the purchase of property.[3] Again, Thomas Meador, son of Ambrose, and Thomas Meades cannot be the same person.

Hardly had Thomas become established than he died. He wrote his will on 5 March 1654/5, and it was entered into probate on 6 June 1655. He was survived by his wife, who was named as his executor, and six children. Only two of his children, his son Thomas and his daughter Mary, continue to be found in existing records. [3]

The Last Will of Thomas Meads/Meador

”The last will and testament of Tho. Meads made the 5th. day of March (54.) Impnt. I do bequeath my body to the Earth & my soul to God that gave it. I do make my wife my sole & absolute Excr. I do give to my wife and Daughter Mary this planation that I now live upon and all the land on this side of the Creek, and the sd. plantation not to be my Daughter's 'till after my wife's decease. I do give to my two sons Thos. & John Meads all the land that is on the west side of the Creek provided that they pay unto my two Daughters Margaret & Joyce out of the s. land two thousand pounds of tob. & cash at their day of marriage, and in case either of the[m] die that the sd. tob. to belong to the survivor. I do give unto my wife & sons & my Daughters above mentioned all my goods and chattels after my debts are paid and that they shall be equally divided amongst them. I do give to my Daughter Anne all the cattle that belongeth to her which is about five head of cattle, and likewise I do give unto her one shilling in money. This is my last will and testament as witness my hand the day & year above written.
Thomas Mead
witness
Rawleigh Travers
John Richardson
Edward Bradshaw (by his mark)
pbat 6 da. Juny 1655”.[3]

From "Our Colonial Meador Ancestors" by Victor Paul Meadors "Thomas Meador (called orphan) apparently was close to legal age at the death of his father, (1) Thomas Meads, in 1655, because he was able to make a legal deed in 1658 . Much heretofore has been made of his having to be between 14 and 17 years of age to choose his own guardian, but under English common law, 21 was generally considered to be the age responsibility. Thus. it must be considered that Thomas, the son, was born as early as 1636 or 1637 to have attained 21 years of age by 1658. This also would appear likely in view of his marriage, which must have occurred about this time. "In the deed mentioned above, Thomas Meador contracted the sell to James Haire "25 acres of land, being part of the land that was given unto me by my father, Thomas Meades deceased, and to my brother (name missing)." This confirms his parentage and that he had a brother, who is given in the father's will as John Meador. This 1658 deed was signed by Thomas with a unique mark, a cross with barred ends, a signature found nowhere else in the county records. "Records of the distribution of the estate of the senior Thomas Meades are missing, so one cannot say just how the lands willed to Thomas and his brother

Thomas married his wife sometime before 1635 - 1638, the time his first son was born in Virginia.

The first record of Thomas Meads is found in a headright grant made by the Governor of the Jamestown Colony. He later surrendered this grant of 50 acres in 1636 to John Gator of Elizabeth City. Each immigrant to the Virginia Colony in the 17th century was granted 50 acres of land as a "headright" to get them started in the New World. Sometimes these grants were assigned to a benefactor who paid for their passage by ship from England to the Colony. Thomas was probably a member of the group of Puritans who settled Isle of Wright County in the early 1600's. He then settled on the upper Rappahannock, where most of the early settlers were felloe Puritans from Isle of Wright. The Puritan church passed severe ordinances against such moral offenses as card playing, swearing, and drinking, with fines of 100 pounds of tobacco for the mere observances of such conduct without reporting it to church authorities. In subsequent years, the younger generation of people in this ares (and possibly Thomas' own children) began searching for a faith that was less restrictive and demanding. Also, because of Prutian successes in England, fewer dissidents felt the call to emigrate, and the Puritan exodus tapered off and ceased altogether in 1650. In 1653, the records of Lancaster County, Virginia, show that Thomas Meads purchased 700 acres from William Underwood, of Underwood's 1400 acre grant on the northeast shore of the Rappahannock River between Milleck Creek and Bushwood Creek. The 1400 acres were divided roughly in half by the lower section and first branch of what is today called Juggs Creek. The portion purchased by Thomas was the lower half of this grant, next to Milleck Creek. The purchase of this land by Thomas was of such a magnitude that it would indicate a man of moderate wealth. He built his home on high ground behind the river landing, between Juggs Creek and Balls Creek. At that time, it was a general practice to give an estate a name. Neighbors of Thomas gave such names to their plantations as "Bushwood", "Cobham Park", and "Accokeek". No name for the plantation of Thomas Meads appear in the early records, but a hundred years later the name "Islington" was attached to the grounds. Today, this land lies at the river end of Route 632 in Richmond County, Virginia, and the river landing is known as "Islington Landing".

Website has copy of last will and testament of Thomas Meador

Byer, Geo Probate to him of Thomas Meads, deceased, the estate to be appraised by Am'br Meader, Fran: Gower, Toby Hurst qne Tho Robinson, Mr Wm Underwood to adm the Oath 6 jun 1667 p 197 Lancaster county Court orders 1652-1655 p 178 Virginia Colonial Abstracts, Vol. I

•_PPEXCLUDE: •_UID: DD83AFA31BC142DE942C067835F1B7A77053 •Change Date: 19 Dec 2012 at 13:42 •Note: Ambrose land records: Stating " Know All Men by these presents that I Ambrose Meader of the county of Rappa. in Virginia consideraun to me paid by Thomas Meador my son of the county aforesaid (missing) heirs Exes Amrs and assignes five grant bargain sell and assigns ever unto the said Thomas Meader a parcell of land conteyning three hundred acres being part of one thousand acres of land sold and conveyed unto me Ambrose Meader by James Williamson as by a deed of sale under the hand and seal of the said Willimson plainly appeareth situatle lying and being on the north side of Rappa River the said three hundred acres of land edjoying unto the upon the land Thomas Robinson which land ther said Robyson purchased of me Ambrose Meador likewise being part of the one thousand acres or land unto him the said Thomas Meader his heirs Exrs Admirs and assignes for Ever with all rights and priviledges thereunto belong and appertaining I the said Ambrose Meader do for me my heirs Exrs and Admirs hereby promise to wawrrant and defend the said three hundred acres of land from all persons claiming by Witnes whre of I the said Thomas Meader his heirs Exrs. Admrs or assignes. In witness whereof I the said Ambrose have hereunto put my hand and seal this 30th day of August anno dam 1658

Ambrose (M(his mark)) Meador

in presence of Clement Herbert and John (his mark) Meader (is this Ambrose son?)

Deed Abstracts of old Rappahannock Co, VA

KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that I AMBROSE MEADR of the Co of Rappa. Planter do (constituet&appoint) my well beloved Sonn THOMAS MEADOR my true & lawfull Attorney for me& in my (place&stead) to acknowledge in Court three hundred acres of land at this Court as by my deed of (missing) appear & I do also by these presentsgive & grant unto my said Attorney full power to make (other) Attorny or Attorneys as my said Attorny shall find cause & in Witness to all & every (the premises) I AMBROSE MEADER have here unto sett my hand this 2d of September 1658

Testee Clement Herbert
John Meader

Ambrose Meador last reference in the records is 24 Dec 1661 when he shared a purchase with his son, Thomas. His wife was mentioned (but not by name) in the deed to Thomas Robinson in 1656, but may have preceded him in death.

"THE INDIANS and BACON'S REBELLION" For a time, white settlement was forbidden above the Pamunkey River; later this prohibition was only for the land above the Piscattaway and Totuskey Creeks. But many settlers filed claims upon the choice river front lands, and by 1646-1650 (as detailed in the first chapter) grants were being given along the Rappahannock River on these areas. The river valley was occupied principally by the Rappahannock Indians, with a few villages of Mattaponi, Moratticoes, Totuskeys, Portobagoes, and others. These tribes were forced into the forested lands behind the mile- deep grants. Behind the grants to James Williamson, William Underwood, and the land of Thomas Meads Could this Thomas Meads be my Meads?

Note from James Williamson and William Underwood was living near Ambrose Meador in Isle of Wight. Could this Thomas Meads be the son Ambrose???

Tension between the settlers and the Indians remained high, and there were recurring raids, for which the nearby Rappahannocks received most of the blame. In February, 1654 , a small army was raised, with 100 men from Lancaster County, 40 from Northumberland, and 30 from Westmoreland to meet the threat. They met at the plantation of Thomas Meades on the eastern shore, and were to march from thence to the village of the Rappahannocks (probably near Warsaw) to ensure peace, without provoking hostilities. The outcome is not recorded, but the Rappahannocks seemingly caused no trouble.

Not so with the Doegs, the Susquahannocks, and the Senecas (from Maryland), whose numerous raids into the northern colonies caused great hardships during the 1660's and 1670's. One such raid took place in 1661 at the plantation of Richard White (who later became the father-in-law of (3) John Meador). White's plantation lay on the north side of Hoskin's Creek, opposite that of John Meador. Though Richard White and his wife Addra escaped, their son Thomas White and two men were brutally murdered. An account of the results of this raid, as viewed by a committee of twelve men, forms a gruesome record .

«b»AStudy of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century«/b» «b» Studinia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century«/b» http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/...

«b»November 1654 — Acts of Assembly— «/b» Complaints against the «b»Rappahannock Indians«/b». Assembly authorizes three counties to raise men: Lancaster 100, Northumberland 40 and Westmoreland 30, to meet on the first Wednesday in February to next to «b»Thomas Meades' hous«/b»e. Major John Carter to lead the men to the «b»Rappahannock town«/b» demanding satisfaction. Following, Carter is to give account to the Governor, who will determine with his Council, as to peace or war. Captain Henry Fleet and David Wheatliff to go as interpreters.«sup»93«/sup»

The name of Thomas Meads is next found in the records of Lancaster Count y, Virginia, in 1653, at which time he purchased 700 acres of land from Wi lliam Underwood. Underwood was granted 1400 acres on the northeast sho re of the Rappahannock River, between Milleck Creek (sometimes known as Wi llimson's Creek, but now known as Ball's Creek) and Bushwood Creek (now kn own as Little Carter Creek). The portion purchased by Thomas Meads appea rs to have been the lower half of this grant, which was the portion falli ng next to Milleck Creek. Here Thomas established his home on higher grou nd behind an excellent river landing. This place still appears on mode rn maps as "Islington Landing", but this name does not seem to have been a pplied to the area until a hundred years later, for it does not appe ar in early records.

An entry in Lancaster records in 1653 concerns an indentured servant of Thomas Meads named Bour Harrison, who ran away and was returned, for whi ch he was sentenced by the court to serve an additional nine months at t he expiration of his term of indenture. It should be noted that many chil dren were bound out to earn their support of to learn a trade, particular ly orphan children. When the age of 17 years was reached they were discha rged, with a suit of new clothes and provisions, or to keep the resul ts of their labors if they chose to stay. Many fared far better under th is arrangement than they would have otherwise.

THE WILL OF THOMAS MEADS/MEADOR

The last will and testament of Tho. Meads made the 5th day of March (54) Impnt. I do bequeath my body to the Earth & my soul to God that gave it. I do make my wife my sole & absolute Excr.

• I do give to my wife & Daughter Mary this plantation that I now live upon and all the land on this side of the Creek, and the ad. plantation not to be my Daughters till after my wife she ïs decease.
• I do give to my two sons, Tho & John Meads all the land that is on the west side of the Creek provided that they pay unto
• my two daughters Margaret & Joyce out of s. land two thousand pounds of tob. Cask at their day of marriage, and in case either of the [m] die that the sd. Tob. To belong to the survivor.
• I do give unto my wife & sons & my Daughters above mentioned all my goods and chattels after my debts are paid and that they shall be equally divided amongst them.
• I do give to my Daughter Anna all the cattle that belonged to her which is about five head of cattle, and likewise I do unto her one shilling in money. This is my last will and testament as witness my hand the day & year above written.

Thomas Mead

12 da. Juny 1655

Witness

Rawleigh Travers

Edward (his mark) Bradshaw

Phat 6 da Juny 1655.

His mark

It should be pointed out here that the will presently exists only as a thi rd-hand copy. Of course, the actual will itself was not filed in the reco rd book --the clerk copied the will. That original record book no long er exists. In the early 1700s many of the badly deteriorated volumes we re laboriously hand-copied for preservation, this book among them. So wh at we have today is a copy of a copy, and copying errors are to be expecte d. Certainly the signature to the will is not that of Thomas Meads, and t he spelling may well be questioned. Early day penmanship (as anyone attem pting to read these early documents will testify) was such that it was oft en impossible to distinguish between and "o" or "e", or a terminal " s" or "r". That the signature of Thomas Meads was written out, perhaps ev en the entire will, and those of the witnesses (except for Edward Bradsha w) (and Rawleigh Travers who was the county sheriff), indicates a degr ee of literacy for Thomas and his witnesses.

Probate of the will was granted to George Bryer, a neighbor, and as was t he custom, the court ordered an appraisal of the estate. This appraisal w as done by four men, including Ambrose Meador and Francis Gower, and was r eturned to the court December 10, 1655. The value was established as 17,5 02 pounds of tobacco, equivalent at the time to about 109 pounds sterlin g, a respectable, though not huge, sum for the time. Because "hard" mon ey was scarce in the colonies, everything was valued in terms of its wor th in tobacco, on a sort of barter system.

As testified by the will, Thomas Meads left a widow, two sons, and four daughters. Quite possibly all these children were under legal age, sin ce at the time when Thomas had entered the country some nineteen yea rs or so before, he had been single. His son Thomas Meador Jr. seems to h ave been the oldest, but was still under the legal age, as in the court se ssion of August 6, 1655 Thomas Meador Meads, orphan, petitioned the cou rt that William Underwood be appointed his guardian. Further, it was orde red that the estate of Thomas Meades, deceased, then in the hands of Geor ge Bryer, be delivered to Underwood. In January 1655 (actually 1656 by modern dating), the Lancaster Court fou nd that the estate was still undivided and in the hands of George Brye r. The court then ordered four men, again including Ambrose Meador and Fr ancis Gower, to divide the estate according to the will of the deceased The land mentioned in the will of Thomas Meads appears to have been the 7 00 acres that had been purchased from William Underwood. The creek mentio ned in the will is not identified there, but a plot of this tract revea ls that it would have been divided roughly in half by the lower section a nd first branch of what is called "Juggs Creek" today. This would imply t hat approximately 350 acres west of "Juggs Creek would have been intend ed for sons Thomas Meador (Jr.) and John, while the remaining 350 acres ea st of the creek was to go to daughter Mary, after the death of her mother

The tract was still undivided in December 1658, when Thomas Meador Mead es (the orphan) contracted to sell 25 acres of his portion to James Hair e, "that was given to me by my father, Thomas Meades, deceased, a nd to my brother (name missing) in case that part of the land...shall fa ll to my lot at the dividing of the said land." In actuality, it is fou nd through later deeds that Mary obtained possession of the entire 700-ac re tract, but in what manner is unknown. Perhaps the portion allott ed to Thomas Meador was exchanged for rights to the grant on Hoskins Creek

Nor does the will of Thomas Meads make mention of grant lands on Hoskins C reek, south of the Rappahannock River, possibly because these grants had n ot been finalized. Yet, a grant in 1664 applying to the 450 acres on Hosk ins Creek indicates that the grant had been left to Thomas Meador Meade r, orphan, by the will of his father, Thomas Meader, deceased. Thus, we ha ve evidence that the elder Thomas Meads Meader (Meads, Meades) bought fr om John Cooke this 450 acre tract, which descended after his death to h is son, Thomas Meader, orphan. While this series of transactions was reco rded in 1664 (long after Thomas Meads had made his will and died), it wou ld appear possible that the actions were started about the time Thomas Mea ds died, and were carried to completion later by Thomas Meador Meader, orp han. The fact that he did not yet possess the land on Hoskins Creek may e xplain why Thomas Meads (the elder) did not include mention of it in his w ill. Of course, one could conclude that there was yet another Thomas Mead es who was the recipient of the grant. But this would require that the re be a second pair of Thomas Meader's father and son, with the further co incidence that the son would be known as Thomas Meader, orphan. A revi ew of the lineage of Ambrose Meador reveals that such a father/son combina tion did not exist among the descendants. This is a vital link in determi ning our lineage, for subsequent deeds for this 450 acre tract make cle ar that, after the land was inherited by John Meador from his father, Thom as Meador, orphan, the lineage is unmistakable.

In summary, it has been found that Thomas Meads left only two surviving he irs to his property, son Thomas Meador Meader and daughter Mary Meads Hobb s.

GRANTEE Meads, Thomas. grantee. DATE 7 September 1654. Location: County location not given. Grantee(s): Meads, Thomas, and John Phillips. Description: 1000 acres on the south side of the Freshes of Rappa: River about 16 Miles above Nanzemum Towne. Source: Land Office Patents No. 3, 1652-1655, p. 376 (Reel 2). Part of the index to the recorded copies of patents for land issued by the Secretary of the Colony serving as the colonial Land Office. The collection is housed in the Archives at the Library of Virginia. The link for Library of Virginia is listed above.

Thomas Meador children:

1. Thomas "Younger" MEADOR Jr. was born in 1628 and died in or about 1658.

2. John MEADES b: 1638 in Lancaster Co., VA

3. Mary MEADOR was born abt 1640 in VA, married Richard HOBBS. b: 1644 d: 1683

4. Margaret MEADOR was born abt 1642 in VA.

5. Joyce MEADOR was born abt 1644 in VA.

6. Anne MEADOR was born abt 1646 in VA.

What is an Orphan? Also referred to as o/i Ans. Under legal of age (21) who is due an inheritance

Age breakdowns and categories.

1-6 infant 7-13 puberty, 14-21 orphan Male 1-6 infant 7-11 puberty, 12-18 orphan Female

As testified by the will, Thomas Meads left a widow, two sons, and four daughters. Quite possibly all these children were under legal age, sin ce at the time when Thomas had entered the country some nineteen yea rs or so before, he had been single. His son Thomas Meador Jr. seems to h ave been the oldest, but was still under the legal age, as in the court se ssion of August 6, 1655 Thomas Meador Meads, orphan, petitioned the cou rt that William Underwood be appointed his guardian. Further, it was orde red that the estate of Thomas Meades, deceased, then in the hands of George Bryer, be delivered to Underwood.

In January 1655 (actually 1656 by modern dating), the Lancaster Court fou nd that the estate was still undivided and in the hands of George Brye r. The court then ordered four men, again including Ambrose Meador and Fr ancis Gower, to divide the estate according to the will of the deceased.

It will be seen from the above records that not only did Ambrose and Thomas Meads (Meader) live less than two miles apart, but that there was consi derable participation by Ambrose in the affairs of Thomas. Yet we fi nd no statement in the records of their relationship, though many opportun ities for such a simple expression as "brother" or "cousin" were passed b y, leaving the question unresolved.

Nor are the records clear about the fate of the unnamed widow of her child ren. There is only one reference that daughter Joyce was in the custo dy of William Underwood; that is all.

The land mentioned in the will of Thomas Meads appears to have been the 7 00 acres that had been purchased from William Underwood. The creek mentio ned in the will is not identified there, but a plot of this tract revea ls that it would have been divided roughly in half by the lower section a nd first branch of what is called "Juggs Creek" today. This would imply t hat approximately 350 acres west of "Juggs Creek would have been intend ed for sons Thomas Meador (Jr.) and John, while the remaining 350 acres ea st of the creek was to go to daughter Mary, after the death of her mother.

Source: Lancaster County, 1652-1655. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub., Co., 1961, 113 pgs by Beverly Fleet page 69 "Meader, Am'br. To appraise est of Tho Meads deed 6 Jun 1665 page 197

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The Meaders and Their Indian Neighbors

White settlement was forbidden above the Pamunkey River; later this prohibition was only for the land above the Piscattaway and Totuskey Creeks. But many settlers filed claims upon the choice river front lands, and by 1646-1650 grants were being given along the Rappahannock River on these areas. The tribes who called this land home were forced into the forested lands behind the mile-deep grants. William Underwood. and James Williamson both received grants in this area. Both sold portions of their grants to the Meaders.

Understandably, tension was high between the tribes and the settlers with riverfront grant. Raids were frequent, with the Rappahannock Indians getting most of the blame. In February, 1654 , a small army was raised, with 100 men from Lancaster County, 40 from Northumberland, and 30 from Westmoreland to meet the threat. They met at the plantation of Thomas Meaders on the eastern shore, and were to march from there to the village of the Rappahannocks to ensure peace, without provoking hostilities. The show of force must have worked as there were no reported hostilities during the trip.

Other tribes were not as easily subdued. The Doegs, the Susquahannocks, and the Senecas (from Maryland), made numerous raids into the northern colonies causing great hardships during the 1660's and 1670's. Richard White (who later became the father-in-law of Thomas's son John) and his wife Addra were able to escape one such attack but their son Thomas and two other men were killed in the raid.

Thomas established his home on the northeast shore of the Rappahannock River, between Milleck Creek (sometimes known as Willimson's Creek, but now known as Ball's Creek) and Bushwood Creek (now known as Little Carter Creek). Again, this was land that had been promised to the Indians and later given as grants to the settlers.He had an excellent river landing and his home sat on higher ground. The bands of militia assembled to face the Indians were recorded more than once as assembling at Thomas' plantation.

References

1. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=frederick... (dead link)
2. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=finalance... (dead link)
3. Updated from MyHeritage Family Trees by SmartCopy: Oct 7 2015, 16:04:34 UTC
4. https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Thomas_Meads_%281%29 (no parents listed)
5. https://www.familysearch.org/en/tree/person/details/LTP4-TDF

• http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=monkeys&i... (dead link)

1. Updated from RootsWeb's WorldConnect by SmartCopy: Feb 27 2015, 4:43:17 UTC (dead link)
2. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/... - an interesting comparison of English views and Native American views on events in the earliest days of Virginia history