Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand, or Izrail M. Gelfand (Yiddish: ישראל געלפֿאַנד‎, Russian: Изра́иль Моисе́евич Гельфа́нд; 2 September [O.S. 20 August] 1913 – 5 October 2009) was a Soviet mathematician who is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He made very major contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and functional analysis. The recipient of awards, including the Order of Lenin and the Wolf Prize, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and an academic, serving as a professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at the Busch Campus of New Jersey's Rutgers University.

He taught students through his seminar at Moscow State University. His legacy continues in the mathematicians who were his students, such as Endre Szemerédi, Alexandre Kirillov, Edward Frenkel, Joseph Bernstein, Dmitry Fuchs as well as his own son, Sergei Gelfand.

Early years

A native of Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire, Gelfand was born into a Jewish family in the small southern Ukrainian town of Okny (subsequently, Krasni Okny). According to his own account, Gelfand was expelled from high school because his father had been a mill owner. Bypassing both high school and college, he proceeded to postgraduate study at Moscow State University, where his advisor was the preeminent mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov. He nevertheless managed to attend lectures at the University and began postgraduate study at the age of 19.

Work

Gelfand is known for many developments including:

• the book Calculus of Variations (1963), which he co-authored with Sergei Fomin
• the Gelfand representation in Banach algebra theory;
• the Gelfand–Mazur theorem in Banach algebra theory;
• the Gelfand–Naimark theorem;
• the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction;
• Gelfand–Shilov spaces
• the Gelfand–Pettis integral;
• the representation theory of the complex classical Lie groups; contributions to the theory of Verma modules in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras (with I.N. Bernstein and S.I. Gelfand);
• contributions to distribution theory and measures on infinite-dimensional spaces;
• the first observation of the connection of automorphic forms with representations (with Sergei Fomin);
• conjectures about the Atiyah–Singer index theorem;
• ordinary differential equations (Gelfand–Levitan theory);
• work on calculus of variations and soliton theory (Gelfand–Dikii equations);
• contributions to the philosophy of cusp forms;
• Gelfand–Fuks cohomology of foliations;
• Gelfand–Kirillov dimension;
• integral geometry;
• combinatorial definition of the Pontryagin class;
• Coxeter functors;
• general hypergeometric functions;
• Gelfand - Tsetlin patterns; and many other results, particularly in the representation theory for the classical groups.

Influence outside of mathematics

The Gelfand–Tsetlin basis (also in the common spelling Zetlin) is a widely used tool in theoretical physics and the result of Gelfand's work on the representation theory of the unitary group and Lie groups in general.

Gelfand also published works on biology and medicine. For a long time he took an interest in cell biology and organized a research seminar on the subject.

He worked extensively in mathematics education, particularly with correspondence education. In 1994, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for this work.

Family

Gelfand was married to Zorya Shapiro, and their two sons, Sergei and Vladimir both live in the United States. A third son, Aleksandr, died of leukemia. Following the divorce from his first wife, Gelfand married his second wife, Tatiana. Gelfand and Tatiana became the parents of a daughter, Tatiana. The family also includes four grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. The memories about I.Gelfand are collected at the special site handled by his family.

Honors and awards

• He was awarded the Order of Lenin three times for his research.
• In 1977 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.
• He won the Wolf Prize in 1978
• He won the Kyoto Prize in 1989
• He won the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1994.
• He held the presidency of the Moscow Mathematical Society between 1968 and 1970
• He was elected a foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• He was elected member of the Royal Irish Academy, the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society.

In an October 2003 article in The New York Times, written on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Gelfand is described as a scholar who is considered "among the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century", having exerted a tremendous influence on the field both through his own works and those of his students.

Death

Israel Gelfand died at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital near his home in Highland Park, New Jersey. He was less than five weeks past his 96th birthday. His death was first reported on the blog of his former collaborator Andrei Zelevinsky and confirmed a few hours later by an obituary in the Russian online newspaper Polit.ru.

ישראל מוייסביץ גלפנד

' (ברוסית: Израиль Моисеевич Гельфанд, באנגלית: Israel Gelfand;‏ 2 בספטמבר 1913 - 5 באוקטובר 2009), מתמטיקאי יהודי-סובייטי, ממייסדי בתי הספר למתמטיקה בברית המועצות. חתן פרס וולף לשנת 1978.

תוכן עניינים 1 קורות חיים 2 תארים ופרסים 3 השפעתו מחוץ לתחום המתמטיקה 4 פרסומים 5 ראו גם 6 קישורים חיצוניים קורות חיים נולד למשפחה יהודית בעיר אוקני, במחוז חרסון שבאוקראינה (אז חלק מהאימפריה הרוסית), ב-2 בספטמבר 1913. למד בבית ספר מקצועי לכימיה ושם פגש את דוד מילמן שהפך לחברו ויחד החלו להתעניין במתמטיקה. מאוחר יותר למד, בניגוד לכללים הרשמיים. הוא החל ללמד באוניברסיטת מוסקבה הממלכתית והיה חניכו של אנדריי קולמוגורוב. בשנת 1941 התמנה לפרופסור באותה האוניברסיטה, זאת בלי שהייתה לו תעודת סיום בית הספר ואוניברסיטה.

נחשב על ידי רבים כמייסד בתי הספר למתמטיקה בברית המועצות. ב-1990 הוא היגר לארצות הברית ועבד כפרופסור מחקר באוניברסיטת ראטג'רס בניו ג'רזי.

היה נשוי פעמיים. מאשתו הראשונה צוריה שפירא נולדו הבנים סרגיי וולדימיר, ומאשתו השנייה טטיאנה נולדה בת בשם טטיאנה. נפטר בגיל 95 בבית החולים האוניברסיטאי על שם רוברט ווד ג'ונסון בניו ברונסוויק, בניו ג'רזי, ארצות הברית.

תארים ופרסים עבור מחקרו הוא קיבל 3 פעמים את עיטור לנין, בשנת 1961 הוא זכה בפרס לנין, ב-1977 הוא התמנה לחבר האגודה המלכותית הבריטית, ב-1978 קיבל את פרס וולף, בשנת 1989 קיבל את פרס קיוטו. היה נשיא אגודת המתמטיקאים של מוסקבה בין השנים 1970-1968.

נבחר לחבר של: האקדמיה הלאומית למדעים של ארצות הברית, האקדמיה האמריקאית לאמנויות ולמדעים (1964), האקדמיה המלכותית של אירלנד, התאחדות המתמטיקאים האמריקאית והלונדונית, ועוד רבים אחרים.

השפעתו מחוץ לתחום המתמטיקה פיזיקה: בסיס גלפנד-צייטלין (The Gelfand-Tseitlin basis) הוא כלי בעל שימוש רב בפיזיקה תאורטית - תוצאה של עבודת גלפנד בתורת ההצגות של קבוצה יוניטרית ושל קבוצות לי באופן כללי. ביולוגיה ורפואה: גלפנד פרסם עבודות בביולוגיה ורפואה. הוא התעניין בביולוגיה של התא וארגן סמינר מחקר בתחום. חינוך: גלפנד עסק בהשכלה מתמטית, בעיקר בהתכתבות. בשנת 1994 הוא זכה במלגת עמיתי מקארתור בגין עבודתו. פרסומים the Gelfand representation in Banach algebra theory the Gelfand–Naimark theorem the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction the representation theory of the complex classical Lie groups contributions to distribution theory and measures on infinite-dimensional spaces the first observation of the connection of automorphic forms with representations (with Sergei Fomin) conjectures about the index theorem Ordinary differential equations (Gelfand-Levitan theory) work on calculus of variations and soliton theory (Gelfand-Dikii equations) contributions to the philosophy of cusp forms Gelfand-Fuks cohomology of foliations Gelfand-Kirillov dimension integral geometry combinatorial definition of the Pontryagin class Coxeter functors generalised hypergeometric series ראו גם ממד גלפנד-קירילוב משפט גלפנד-נאימרק https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92...

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Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand, or Izrail M. Gelfand (Yiddish: ישראל געלפֿאַנד‎, Russian: Изра́иль Моисе́евич Гельфа́нд; 2 September [O.S. 20 August] 1913 – 5 October 2009) was a Soviet mathematician who is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He made very major contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and functional analysis. The recipient of awards, including the Order of Lenin and the Wolf Prize, he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and an academic, serving as a professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at the Busch Campus of New Jersey's Rutgers University.

He taught students through his seminar at Moscow State University. His legacy continues in the mathematicians who were his students, such as Endre Szemerédi, Alexandre Kirillov, Edward Frenkel, Joseph Bernstein, Dmitry Fuchs as well as his own son, Sergei Gelfand.

Early years

A native of Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire, Gelfand was born into a Jewish family in the small southern Ukrainian town of Okny (subsequently, Krasni Okny). According to his own account, Gelfand was expelled from high school because his father had been a mill owner. Bypassing both high school and college, he proceeded to postgraduate study at Moscow State University, where his advisor was the preeminent mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov. He nevertheless managed to attend lectures at the University and began postgraduate study at the age of 19.

Work

Gelfand is known for many developments including:

• the book Calculus of Variations (1963), which he co-authored with Sergei Fomin
• the Gelfand representation in Banach algebra theory;
• the Gelfand–Mazur theorem in Banach algebra theory;
• the Gelfand–Naimark theorem;
• the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction;
• Gelfand–Shilov spaces
• the Gelfand–Pettis integral;
• the representation theory of the complex classical Lie groups; contributions to the theory of Verma modules in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras (with I.N. Bernstein and S.I. Gelfand);
• contributions to distribution theory and measures on infinite-dimensional spaces;
• the first observation of the connection of automorphic forms with representations (with Sergei Fomin);
• conjectures about the Atiyah–Singer index theorem;
• ordinary differential equations (Gelfand–Levitan theory);
• work on calculus of variations and soliton theory (Gelfand–Dikii equations);
• contributions to the philosophy of cusp forms;
• Gelfand–Fuks cohomology of foliations;
• Gelfand–Kirillov dimension;
• integral geometry;
• combinatorial definition of the Pontryagin class;
• Coxeter functors;
• general hypergeometric functions;
• Gelfand - Tsetlin patterns; and many other results, particularly in the representation theory for the classical groups.

Influence outside of mathematics

The Gelfand–Tsetlin basis (also in the common spelling Zetlin) is a widely used tool in theoretical physics and the result of Gelfand's work on the representation theory of the unitary group and Lie groups in general.

Gelfand also published works on biology and medicine. For a long time he took an interest in cell biology and organized a research seminar on the subject.

He worked extensively in mathematics education, particularly with correspondence education. In 1994, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for this work.

Family

Gelfand was married to Zorya Shapiro, and their two sons, Sergei and Vladimir both live in the United States. A third son, Aleksandr, died of leukemia. Following the divorce from his first wife, Gelfand married his second wife, Tatiana. Gelfand and Tatiana became the parents of a daughter, Tatiana. The family also includes four grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. The memories about I.Gelfand are collected at the special site handled by his family.

Honors and awards

• He was awarded the Order of Lenin three times for his research.
• In 1977 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.
• He won the Wolf Prize in 1978
• He won the Kyoto Prize in 1989
• He won the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1994.
• He held the presidency of the Moscow Mathematical Society between 1968 and 1970
• He was elected a foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• He was elected member of the Royal Irish Academy, the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society.

In an October 2003 article in The New York Times, written on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Gelfand is described as a scholar who is considered "among the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century", having exerted a tremendous influence on the field both through his own works and those of his students.

Death

Israel Gelfand died at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital near his home in Highland Park, New Jersey. He was less than five weeks past his 96th birthday. His death was first reported on the blog of his former collaborator Andrei Zelevinsky and confirmed a few hours later by an obituary in the Russian online newspaper Polit.ru.

Изра́иль Моисе́евич Гельфа́нд[5] (20 августа [2 сентября] 1913, Окны, Тираспольский уезд, Херсонская губерния[6] — 5 октября 2009, Нью-Брансвик, штат Нью-Джерси) — один из крупнейших математиков XX века, биолог, педагог и организатор математического образования (до 1989 года — в Советском Союзе, после 1989 года — в Соединённых Штатах).

Автор более 800 научных статей и около 30 монографий; основатель крупной научной школы. Доктор физико-математических наук (1940), профессор Московского государственного университета им. М. В. Ломоносова (МГУ) (1941—1990), Ратгерского университета (1990—2009). Президент Московского математического общества (ММО) в 1966—1970 годах, действительный член Академии наук СССР (1984; с 1991 — Российской академии наук).

Основные труды Гельфанда относятся к функциональному анализу, алгебре и топологии. Один из создателей теории нормированных колец (банаховых алгебр), которая послужила отправным пунктом созданной им (совместно с М. А. Наймарком) теории колец с инволюцией и теории бесконечномерных унитарных представлений групп Ли, имеющей существенное значение для теоретической физики. Наряду с этим автор фундаментальных результатов в области теории обобщённых функций, занимался дифференциальными уравнениями, теорией топологических линейных пространств, обратными задачами спектрального анализа, квантовой механикой, динамическими системами, теорией вероятностей, приближёнными и численными методами и другими областями математики. Автор многочисленных работ по нейрофизиологии волевых движений, клеточной миграции в тканевых культурах, протеомике (классификации третичной структуры белков) и алгоритмизации клинической работы врачей.

Гельфанд известен также и тем, что сумел стать крупнейшим учёным путём самообразования, не имея законченного среднего образования и не пройдя курс обучения в университете