Dr. Alfred Hermann Fried

Alfred Hermann Fried geburt als Sohn von Samuel Fried und Berta geb. Engel; erste Wohnung Wien II., Leopoldstadt, Praterstrasse 3, 11 XI 1864 (Num. 626).

The May 6, 1921 edition of Neue Freie Presse, page 6, published an obituary of several paragraphs for Dr. Alfred Hermann Fried, who "ist gestern . . . im 57. Lebensjahre gestorben" [May 5]. No "death notice" was published among the display ads.

Fried is the subject of a 2011 film entitled "ÖSTERREICHS VERGESSENER VISIONÄR: DER FRIEDENSNOBELPREISTRÄGER ALFRED H. FRIED".

From Wikipedia: Alfred Hermann Fried (11 November 1864-5 May 1921) was an Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist, journalist, co-founder of the German peace movement, and winner (with Tobias Asser) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911. {Already during the First World War he realized that only after a second World War, involving all countries, would France and Germany begin to work together, leading eventually to "the creation of a "United States of Europe" and the establishment of a world-spanning peace organization equipped with an executive." As a Jewish Freemason, Fried was active in formulating proposals for "control of all social services, prisons and public bodies, including prisons, police arrests, reform schools and orphanages, hospitals and asylums, monasteries and barracks" (1920). As a Freemason and pacifist he was associated with Austrian pacifist, businessman and inventor Johannes C. Barolin.}

Life. Born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, Fried left school at the age of 15 and started to work in a bookshop. {Fried, with his meager wages, was the sole support for his parents and seven siblings.} In 1883 he moved to Berlin, where he opened a bookshop of his own in 1887. Following the publication by Bertha von Suttner of Die Waffen nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms) in 1889, he and von Suttner began in 1892 to publish a magazine of the same name. In articles published within Die Waffen nieder! and its successor, Die Friedenswarte (The Peace Watch), he articulated his pacifist philosophy.

In 1892 Fried co-founded the German Peace Society (Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft). He was one of the fathers of the idea of a modern organisation to assure worldwide peace (the principal idea was fulfilled in the League of Nations and after the Second World War in the United Nations).

Fried was a prominent member of the Esperanto-movement. In 1903 he published the book Lehrbuch der internationalen Hilfssprache Esperanto (Textbook of the International Language of Esperanto). In 1911 Fried received the Nobel Peace Prize together with Tobias Asser. {His colleague Bertha von Suttner had been the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, in 1905.}

During the First World War Fried lived in Switzerland; he died in Vienna in 1921.

Works of Alfred H. Fried:

• Das Abrüstungs-Problem: Eine Untersuchung. Berlin, Gutman, 1904.
• Abschied von Wien – eLibrary Austria Project (elib Austria etxt in German)
• The German Emperor and the Peace of the World, with a Preface by Norman Angell. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1912.
• Die Grundlagen des revolutionären Pacifismus. Tübingen, Mohr, 1908. Translated into French by Jean Lagorgette as Les Bases du pacifisme: Le Pacifisme réformiste et le pacifisme «révolutionnaire». Paris, Pedone, 1909.
• Handbuch der Friedensbewegung. (Handbook of the Peace Movement) Wien, Oesterreichischen Friedensgesellschaft, 1905. 2nd ed., Leipzig, Verlag der «Friedens-Warte», 1911.
• «Intellectual Starvation in Germany and Austria», in Nation, 110 (March 20, 1920) 367–368.
• International Cooperation. Newcastle upon Tyne, Richardson [1918].
• Das internationale Leben der Gegenwart. Leipzig, Teubner, 1908.
• «The League of Nations: An Ethical Institution», in Living Age, 306 (August 21, 1920) 440–443.
• Mein Kriegstagebuch. (My War Journal) 4 Bde. Zürich, Rascher, 1918–1920.
• Pan-Amerika. Zürich, Orell-Füssli, 1910.
• The Restoration of Europe, transl. by Lewis Stiles Gannett. New York, Macmillan, 1916.
• Der Weltprotest gegen den versailler Frieden. Leipzig, Verlag der Neue Geist, 1920.
• Die zweite Haager Konferenz: Ihre Arbeiten, ihre Ergebnisse, und ihre Bedeutung. Leipzig, Nachfolger [1908].
• Esperanto textbook and vocabulary
• Wörterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch und Deutsch-Esperanto
• Lehrbuch der internationalen Hilfssprache “Esperanto” mit Wörterbuch in Esperanto-Deutsch und Deutsch-Esperanto, Berlin-Schönberg: Esperanto-Verlag, 1903 pr. Pass & Garleb, Berlin 18x12cm II, 120p.; 2nd edition: Stuttgart: Franckische Verlagshandlung,1905 18x12cm 91, 5p; 3rd edition: Stuttgart: Franckische Verlagshandlung,1905 18x12cm 91p.

See also:

• Added, Roland (2011-04-28). "Lehrbuch Fried 1903 / lernolibro de la nobelpremiito Alfred Hermann Fried".
• Roger Chickering: Imperial Germany and A World Without War : The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892–1914. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1975, ISBN 0-691-10036-5.
• Walter Göhring: Verdrängt und Vergessen – Friedensnobelpreisträger. Alfred Hermann Fried. Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 2006, ISBN 978-3-218-00768-9
• Bernhard Kupfer: Lexikon der Nobelpreisträger. Patmos, Düsseldorf 2001, ISBN 3-491-72451-1
• Petra Schönemann-Behrens: „Organisiert die Welt“. Leben und Werk des Friedensnobelpreisträgers Alfred Hermann Fried (1864–1921). Dissertation, Universität Bremen 2004.
• Bernhard Tuider: Alfred Hermann Fried. Pazifist im Ersten Weltkrieg – Illusion und Vision. VDM, Saarbrücken 2010, ISBN 978-3-639-25061-9

Alfred Hermann Fried "resigned" from the Jewish faith in 1908 (per genteam.at, "Resignations of the Jewish Community in Vienna between 1868 and 1914"):

• Last Name Fried, First Name Alfred Herm.
• Date of Birth 1864.11.11
• Place of Birth Wien D 0626
• Profession Schriftsteller
• Leaving 1908, age 44
• Marital Status geschieden
• IKG 1908/414

On Dec. 17, 1908, as recorded in the Trauungsbuch für die Israel. Cultusgemeinde in Wien, he married Marie Friederike Vollandt ("confessionslos"); "Place" was "Magistrat, Wien."

Nobel Prize biography reads:

Alfred Hermann Fried (Schriftsteller und Publizist) was born in Vienna, but pursued most of his active journalistic career in Germany. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, he worked in his native city as a bookseller, then a few years later went to Berlin where he opened his own press in 1887.

Influenced by Bertha von Suttner, Fried became interested in the peace movement, founded the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft [German Peace Society], and edited its major publication, Monatliche Friedenskorrespondenz [Monthly Peace Correspondence], from 1894 to 1899. Having persuaded Baroness von Suttner to serve as editor, he started a peace journal, naming it Die Waffen Nieder! [Lay Down Your Arms], the title of the Baroness' famous antiwar novel. In 1899 this was replaced by Die Friedenswarte [The Peace Watch], which he edited and which Norman Angell called «the most efficient periodical of the Pacifist movement in the world». This publication, which was addressed to an audience of intellectuals, has had a continuous history to the present time; edited by Fried until his death in 1921, then by Hans Wehberg, it was moved to Zürich in 1933. In 1905 Fried founded another journal, Annuaire de la vie internationale, which reflected his growing interest in international cooperation, particularly as exemplified by the Pan-American movement and the work of the Hague Conferences.

The peace literature which flowed from his pen -- reports, editorials, essays, pamphlets, books -- was extensive, but he also contributed to the cause his capacity as an organizer. He was a member of the Bern Peace Bureau, secretary of the International Conciliation for Central Europe, and secretary-general of the Union internationale de la presse pour la paix.

The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 was a turning point in the development of Fried's philosophy of pacifism. Thereafter, in his appeals to the German intellectual community he placed more reliance on economic cooperation and political organization among nations as bases for peace, and less upon limitation of armaments and schemes for international justice. «War is not in itself a condition so much as the symptom of a condition, that of international anarchy», he said. «If we wish to substitute for war the settlement of disputes by justice, we must first substitute for the condition of international anarchy a condition of international order.»

Fried's efforts were partly responsible for the founding of the Verband für internationale Verständigung [Society for International Understanding] in 1911. His theory of internationalism did not preclude nationalism. In the Pan-American movement he perceived a model for the preservation of national identity within international organization5. In keeping with this position, Fried defended Germany before World War I by chronicling Wilhelm II's positive attitude toward world peace and during the war by refuting what he considered to be unreasonable criticism of Germany in the French, British, and American press.

Fried was in Vienna when war broke out in 1914. Since pacifist activities there were curtailed by government censorship and intolerant public opinion, Fried shifted his organizational and journalistic work to Switzerland. He was active in efforts to ameliorate the conditions of prisoners of war and continued to publish Die Friedenswarte as a rallying point for international peace efforts. Accused of treason by the Austrian government, he was unable to return to Vienna until the war's end.

The war over, Fried published Mein Kriegstagebuch [My War Journal], a diary which he kept during the war years to record his sentiments and his activities, along with those of his colleagues in the peace movement; he expressed dissatisfaction with the peace settlement and organized a journalistic campaign against the Versailles Treaty; he tirelessly pressed the point in his propaganda for peace that the war was proof of the validity of the pacifistic analysis of world politics.

Fried lost what wealth he possessed in the collapse of Austria-Hungary and died in poverty of a lung infection in Vienna at the age of fifty-seven.

Selected Bibliography

• Fried's library was purchased by Stanford University (Palo Alto, Calif., U.S.A.); a collection of his manuscripts is housed in the Peace Archives of the United Nations Library in Geneva.
• Encyclopaedia Judaica.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Das Abrüstungs-Problem: Eine Untersuchung. Berlin, Gutman, 1904.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, The German Emperor and the Peace of the World, with a Preface by Norman Angell. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1912.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Die Grundlagen des revolutionären Pacifismus. Tübingen, Mohr, 1908. Translated into French by Jean Lagorgette as Les Bases du pacifisme: Le Pacifisme réformiste et le pacifisme «révolutionnaire». Paris, Pedone, 1909.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Handbuch der Friedenshewegung. Wien, Oesterreichischen Friedensgesellschaft, 1905. 2nd ed., Leipzig, Verlag der «Friedens-Warte», 1911.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, «Intellectual Starvation in Germany and Austria», in Nation, 110 (March 20, 1920) 367-368.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, International Cooperation. Newcastle-on-Tyne, Richardson [1918].
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Das internationale Leben der Gegenwart. Leipzig, Teubner, 1908.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, «The League of Nations: An Ethical Institution», in Living Age, 306 (August 21, 1920) 440-443.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Mein Kriegstagebuch. 4 Bde. Zürich, Rascher, 1918-1920.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Pan-Amerika. Zürich, Orell-Füssli, 1910.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, The Restoration of Europe, transl. by Lewis Stiles Gannett. New York, Macmillan, 1916.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, ed., Der Weltprotest gegen den versailler Frieden. Leipzig, Verlag der Neue Geist, 1920.
• Fried, Alfred Hermann, Die zweite Haager Konferenz: Ihre Arbeiten, ihre Ergebnisse, und ihre Bedeutung. Leipzig, Nachfolger [1908].
• Goldscheid, Rudolf, Alfred Hermann Fried: Eine Sammlung von Gedenkblättern. Leipzig, 1922.
• Schou, August, Histoire de l'internationalisme III: Du Congrès de Vienne jusqu'à la première guerre mondiale (1914), pp. 365-368. Publications de l'Institut Nobel Norvégien, Tome VIII. Oslo, Aschchoug, 1963.
• Schönemann-Behrens, Petra: Alfred H. Fried. Friedensaktivist – Nobelpreisträger. Zürich, Römerhof, 2011.
• Verzeichnis von 1000 Zeitungsartikeln A.H. Frieds zur Friedensbewegung. Berlin, 1908.
• Wehberg, Hans, «Alfred Hermann Fried», in Deutsches Biographisches Jahrbuch. Band III, 1921.
• Wehberg, Hans, «Alfred H. Fried», in Die Führer der deutschen Friedensbewegung, pp. 19-23. Leipzig, Oldenburg, 1923.
• Wehberg, Hans, «Alfred H. Fried und seine Bedeutung für die pacifistische Wissenschaft», in Erste Ethische Rundschau (1914) 10.