Dmitry Donskoy

Saint Dmitry (Dimitrii) Ivanovich Donskoy (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Донско́й) also known as Dmitry of the Don, sometimes referred to as Dmitry I

Born: 12 October 1350, Moscow

Died: 19 May 1389, Moscow

Father:

Ivan II of Moscow

Mother:

Alexandra Ivanovna Velyaminova

Spouse:

Eudoxia Dmitriyevna

Issue:

Daniil Dmitriyevich

Yury Vasiliyevich

Vasily Vasilyevich

Sofiya Dmitriyevna

Yury Dmitriyevich

Maria Dmitriyevna

Anastasia Dmitriyevna

Simeon Dmitriyevich

Ivan Dmitriyevich

Andrey Dmitriyevich

Pyotr Dmitriyevich

Anna Dmitriyevna

Konstantin Dmitriyevich

Predecessor: Ivan II Ivan II "The Handsome"

Successor: Vasily I Vasily I of Moscow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Donskoi

Saint Dmitry reigned as the Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 to his death. He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia. His nickname, Donskoy (i.e., "of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) which took place on the Don River.

Dmitry ascended the throne of Principality of Moscow at the age of 9. During his minority, the government was actually run by Metropolitan Aleksey of Russia. In 1360 the highest dignity among Russian princes, that of Grand Prince of Vladimir, was transferred by a Khan of the Golden Horde upon Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhniy Novgorod. In 1363, when that prince had been deposed, Dmitry Ivanovich was finally crowned at Vladimir. Three years later, he made peace with Dmitriy Konstantinovich and married his daughter Eudoxia. In 1376, their joined armies ravaged Volga Bulgaria.

The most important event during the early years of Dmitry's reign was construction of the first stone Moscow Kremlin, completed in 1367. The new fortress allowed the city to withstand two sieges by Algirdas of Lithuania, in 1368 and 1370. Attempt for the third siege in 1372 ended in Treaty of Lyubutsk. In 1375, Dmitry managed to settle his conflict with Mikhail II of Tver over Vladimir in his favour. Other princes of Northern Russia also acknowledged his authority and contributed their troops to his impending struggle against the Horde. By the end of his reign, Dmitry more than doubled territory of Moscow principality.

Dmitry's thirty-year reign saw the beginning of the end for Mongol domination of parts of what is now Russia. The Golden Horde was severely weakened by civil war and dynastic rivalries. Dmitry took advantage of this lapse in Mongol authority to openly challenge the Tatars.

While he kept the Khan's patent to collect taxes for all of Russia, Dmitry is also famous for leading the first Russian military victory over the Mongols. Mamai, a Mongol general and claimant to the throne, tried to punish Dmitry for attempting to increase his power. In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitry's forces in the Battle of Vozha River Two years later Mamai personally led a large force against Moscow. Dmitry met and defeated it at the Battle of Kulikovo.

The defeated Mamai was presently dethroned by a rival Mongol general, Tokhtamysh. That khan reasserted Mongol rule over parts of what now is Russia and overran Moscow for Dmitry's resistance to Mamai. Dimitry, however, pledged his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and to the Golden Horde and was reinstated as Mongol principal tax collector and Grand Duke of Vladimir. Upon his death in 1389, Dimitry was the first Grand Duke to bequeath his titles to his son Vasiliy without consulting the Khan.

He was married to Eudoxia of Nizhniy Novgorod. She was a daughter of Dmitry of Suzdal and Vasilisa of Rostov. They had at least twelve children:

Daniil Dmitriyevich (c. 1370 - 15 September 1379).

Vasiliy I of Moscow (30 September 1371 – 27 February 1425).

Sofia Dmitriyevna. Married Fyodor Olegovich, Prince of Ryazan (reigned 1402-1427).

Yuriy Dmitriyevich, Duke of Zvenigorod and Galich (26 November 1374 – 5 June 1434). Claimed the throne of Moscow against his nephew Vasiliy II of Moscow.

Maria Dmitriyevna (d. 15 May 1399). Married Lengvenis.

Anastasia Dmitriyevna. Married Ivan Vsevolodovich, Prince of Kholm.

Simeon Dmitrievich (d. 11 September 1379).

Ivan Dmitriyevich (d. 1393).

Andrey Dmitriyevich, Prince of Mozhaysk (14 August 1382 – 9 July 1432).

Pyotr Dmitriyevich, Prince of Dmitrov (29 July 1385 – 10 August 1428).

Anna Dmitriyevna (born 8 January 1387). Married Yury Patrikiyevich. Her husband was a son of Patrikas, Prince of Starodub and his wife Helena. His paternal grandfather was Narimantas. The marriage solidified his role as a Boyar attached to Moscow.

Konstantin Dmitriyevich, Prince of Pskov (14 May/15 May 1389 - 1433).

Dmitry Donskoy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoi (Russian: Дми́трий Донско́й), or Dimitri of the Don, sometimes referred to as Dmitry I (12 October 1350, Moscow – 19 May 1389, Moscow), son of Ivan II Krasnyi, reigned as the Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 to his death. He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Tatar authority in Russia. His nickname, Donskoi (i.e., "of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) which took place on the Don River.[1]

Early reign

Dmitry ascended the throne of Principality of Moscow at the age of 9. During his minority, the government was actually run by Metropolitan Alexis of Russia. In 1360 the highest dignity among Russian princes, that of Grand Prince of Vladimir, was transferred by a Khan of the Golden Horde upon Dmitri Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod. In 1363, when that prince had been deposed, Dmitri Ivanovich was finally crowned at Vladimir. Three years later, he made peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich and married his daughter Eudoxia. In 1376, their joined armies ravaged Volga Bulgaria.

The most important event during the early years of Dmitri's reign was construction of the first stone Moscow Kremlin, completed in 1367. The new fortress allowed the city to withstand two sieges by Algirdas of Lithuania, in 1368 and 1370. Attempt for the third siege in 1372 ended in Treaty of Lyubutsk. In 1375, Dmitri managed to settle his conflict with Mikhail II of Tver over Vladimir in his favour. Other princes of Northern Russia also acknowledged his authority and contributed their troops to his impending struggle against the Horde. By the end of his reign, Dmitri more than doubled territory of Moscow principality.

[edit]Struggle against Mamai

Dmitri's thirty-year reign saw the beginning of the end for Mongol domination of parts of what is now Russia. The Golden Horde was severely weakened by civil war and dynastic rivalries. Dmitri took advantage of this lapse in Mongol authority to openly challenge the Tatars.

While he kept the Khan's patent to collect taxes for all of Russia, Dmitri is also famous for leading the first Russian military victory over the Mongols. Mamai, a Mongol general and claimant to the throne, tried to punish Dmitri for attempting to increase his power. In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitri's forces in the Battle of Vozha River Two years later Mamai personally led a large force against Moscow. Dmitri met and defeated it at the Battle of Kulikovo.

The defeated Mamai was presently dethroned by a rival Mongol general, Tokhtamysh. That khan reasserted Mongol rule over parts of what now is Russia and overran Moscow for Dmitri's resistance to Mamai. Dmitri, however, pledged his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and to the Golden Horde and was reinstated as Mongol principal tax collector and Grand Duke of Vladimir. Upon his death in 1389, Dmitri was the first Grand Duke to bequeath his titles to his son Vasili without consulting the Khan.

[edit]Marriage and children

He was married to Eudoxia of Nizhny Novgorod. She was a daughter of Dmitry of Suzdal and Vasilisa of Rostov. They had at least twelve children:

Daniil Dmitrievich (c. 1370 - 15 September 1379).

Vasily I of Moscow (30 September 1371 - 27 February 1425).

Sofia Dmitrievna. Married Fyodor Olegovich, Prince of Ryazan (reigned 1402-1427).

Yury Dmitrievich, Duke of Zvenigorod and Galich (26 November 1374 - 5 June 1434). Claimed the throne of Moscow against his nephew Vasily II of Moscow.

Maria Dmitrievna (d. 15 May 1399). Married Lengvenis.

Anastasia Dmitrievna. Married Ivan Vsevolodich, Prince of Kholm.

Simeon Dmitrievich (d. 11 September 1379).

Ivan Dmitrievich (d. 1393).

Andrei Dmitrievich, Prince of Mozhaysk (14 August 1382 - 9 July 1432).

Piotr Dmitrievich, Prince of Dmitrov (29 July 1385 - 10 August 1428).

Anna Dmitrievna (born 8 January 1387). Married Yuri Patrikievich. Her husband was a son of Patrikej, Prince of Starodub and his wife Helena. His paternal grandfather was Narimantas. The marriage solidified his role as a Boyar attached to Moscow.

Konstantin Dmitrievich, Prince of Pskov (14 May/15 May 1389 - 1433).

Источник: http://www.calend.ru/person/1655/

Dmitrijus Ivanovičius (arba Dmitrijus Donietis, rus. Дмитрий Донской, 1350 m. spalio 12 d. Maskva – 1389 m. gegužės 19 d. Maskva) – 1359-1389 m. Maskvos didysis kunigaikštis, 1362-1389 m. Vladimiro didysis kunigaikštis, 1363–1389 m. Naugardo kunigaikštis.

Biografija

Ivano I Kalitos vaikaitis, tėvas Ivanas II Gražusis, motina Aleksandra Ivanovna. Žmona Jevdokija Dmitrijevna, vaikai Vasilijus I, Jurijus, Andrejus, Petras, Konstantinas Valdymas

1367 m. Maskvoje pastatydino pirmąjį mūrinį kremlių. 1368 m., 1370 m. ir 1372 m. atrėmė Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Algirdo žygius, pirmuosius du – į Maskvą, paskutinį – į jos valdas. 1372 m. su juo sudarė Liubutsko sutartį.

Jam valdant Maskva ėmė vyrauti Rusioje, galutinai pajungta Rostovo kunigaikštystė, sustiprinta įtaka kitoms. Naudodamasis suirute Aukso ordoje jis nustojo jai mokėti mokesčius. Kilus kariniam konfliktui 1378 m. sumušė Aukso ordos kariuomenę prie Vožos upės. 1380 m. Kulikovo mūšyje prie Dono, dėl to pramintas Doniečiu. Šiame mūšyje Dmitrijus buvo sunkiai sužeistas.

Išvaduoti Rusią iš pavaldumo Aukso ordai jam nepavyko – 1382 m. chanas Tochtamyšas užėmė ir sudegino Maskvą, privertė Dmitrijų vėl pripažinti jo valdžią. Dmitrijus Donietis pirmasis iš Rusijos valdovų perdavė didžiojo kunigaikščio sostą sūnui Vasilijui I kaip tėvoniją, t. y. be Aukso ordos chano sutikimo.[1] Šeima

Dmitrijaus vienintelė žmona buvo Jevdokija Dmitrijevna, Suzdalės didžiojo kunigakščio Dmitrijaus Konstantinovičiaus duktė. Pas Dmitrijų ir Jevdikiją buvo dvylika vaikų:

   Danilas Dmitrijevičius (1370 — 1379 rugsėjo 15).

   Vasilijus I (1371 gruodžio 30 — 1425 vasario 27).

   Sofija Dmitrijevna (m. 1427), 1387 metais ištekėjo už Teodoro Olgovičiaus, Olego Ivanovičiaus sūnaus.

   Jurijus Dmitrjevičius (1374 lapkričio 26 — 1434 liepos 5).

   Marija Dmitrijevna] (m. 1399 gegužės 15) — ištekėjo už Mstislavlio kunigaikščio Lengvenio Algirdaičio, Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Algirdo sūnaus.

   Anastasija Dmitrijevna — ištekėjo už Cholmsko kunigaikščio Ivano Vsevolodovičiaus

   Simeonas Dmitrijevičius (m. 1379 rugsėjo 11).

   Andrejus Dmitrijevičius Možaiskis (1382 rugpjūčio 14 — 1432 liepos 9).

   Piotras Dmitrijevičius Dmitrovskis (1385 liepos 29 — 1428 rugpjūčio 10).

   Ana Dmitrijevna (g. 1387 sausio 8) — ištekėjo už kunigaikščio Jurijaus Patrikejevičiaus

   Ivanas Dmitrijevičius (m. 1393).

   Konstantinas Dmitrijevičius (1389 gegužės 14 — 1433) — Uglicko kunigaikštis

Википедия

Дмитрий Иванович Донской – представитель династии Рюриковичей, сын московского князя Ивана II Красного (сына Ивана Калиты) и княгини Александры Ивановны. Был прозван Донским после победы в Куликовской битве. Князь Московский с 1359 года, Великий князь Владимирский с 1363 года.

Период правления Дмитрия Донского ознаменовался расцветом Древней Руси: Московское княжество становится главным центром объединения русских земель, Великое княжество Владимирское переходит в наследство московским князям, одерживаются значимые победы над Золотой Ордой.

В 1367 году после того, как в великом Всесвятском пожаре 1365 года сгорел Посад, Кремль, Заречье и Загородье Дмитрий Донской начал строительство нового белокаменного Кремля.

В процессе неоднократных военных стычек с Михаилом Тверских в 1375 году Дмитрий Донской добился того, что князь Тверской навсегда отказался от посягательств на Новгород, Владимир и Москву.

В 1376 году благодаря успешному походу на Волжско-Камскую Булгарию Московское княжество утвердило свое слияние, прошли переговоры, в результате которых Москва открыла Великому Новгороду пропуск товаров на свою землю и заручилась его военной поддержкой. Это событие способствовало налаживанию отношений между древнерусскими княжествами.

В 1378 войско Дмитрия Донского на реке Вожа нанесло сокрушительное поражение Золотой Орде, в котором убили мурзу Бегича. Но самая великая битва периода правления Дмитрия Донского произошла 8 сентября 1380-го года в устье Дона на Куликовом поле. Совместно с союзниками с восточных земель Великого княжества Литовского войско князя Дмитрия разгромило татаров во главе с Мамаем. Самому Мамаю удалось бежать, он даже собрал новое войско для похода на Москву, однако был свергнут чингизидом Тохтамышем. Мамай бежал в Крым и там был убит ранее дружественными генуэзцами.

На фоне громкой победы особенно удручающе смотрелось поражение Дмитрия Донского от Тохтамыша в 1382 году, которое привело к значительному упадку Московского княжества. Дмитрий Донской обязался принять католичество и платить большую дань.

Основным итогом княжения Дмитрия Ивановича можно назвать присоединение к Московскому княжеству Переяславля, Углича, Галича, Белоозера, потерю Твери и Смоленска, разорение основное территории Тохтамышем.

Решением русской православной церкви в 1988 годк Дмитрий Донской был причислен к лику святых. Ежегодно 1 июня отмечается день памяти Дмитрия Донского. Также личность московского князя увековечена в ряде картин, памятниках, мемориалах.

В 1366 году Дмитрий женился на Евдокии Дмитриевне, дочери Нижегородского князя Дмитрия Константиновича (из-за московского пожара венчание проходило в Коломне). У Дмитрия Донского родилось 12 детей, сыновья – Даниил, Василий, Семен, Георгий, Андрей, Петр, Иван, Константин; дочери – Анастасия, Мария, Анна, Софья.

Дмитрий стал Великим князем владимирским и московским на десятом году жизни, с 1359 года, под опекунством Митрополита Алексия. В княжение Дмитрия Донского Москва утвердила свое руководящее положение в русских землях. Опираясь на возросшую мощь Московского княжества, Дмитрий Донской преодолел сопротивление соперников в борьбе за великое княжение суздальско-нижегородского, рязанского и тверского князей. При нём в 1367 году был построен первый каменный кремль в Москве, в 1368 и 1370 годах его войска отразили нападения на Москву литовского князя Ольгерда. Во время войны с Тверью Дмитрий Донской в 1375 году принудил тверского князя к признанию своего старшинства и союзу в борьбе с Золотой Ордой. Он был крепок, высок, плечист и грузен, имел черную бороду и волосы, притягательный взгляд. Житие сообщает, что Дмитрий отличался благочестием, незлобивостью и целомудрием.

В 1380 году Дмитрий Донской во главе объединённых русских сил разбил в Куликовской битве войска татарского темника Мамая, за что был прозван Донским.

В княжение Дмитрия Донского Москва утвердила свое руководящее положение в русских землях. Дмитрий Донской впервые передал великое княжение сыну Василию I без санкции Золотой Орды.

Дмитрий умер рано – на 39-м году жизни, (19) 27 мая 1389 года. Погребен в Архангельском соборе в Москве. Канонизирован Русской православной церковью в 1988 году, его память чтится 1 июня.