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he boarding of Paris: its origin in the nineteenth century and its training activity, 200 years after its creation
Antonio Calvo Rubal
Service of Neurology and Neurosurgery Hospital Maciel MSP. Montevideo - Uruguay
E-mail: acalvo@adinet.com.uy

INTRODUCTION

There is no denying the impact that this has had on the medical institution and the cultural environment of the time, both in France and in the countries of the Rio de la Plata, where the influence has been preeminent gala, from the nineteenth century to the present. The title of "Ancien Interne des Hôpitaux de Paris" (Old Internal Hospital of Paris) still has a great academic and professional weight. Students without more resources as the Uruguayan Pedro Visca and Alfredo Navarro, through government grants, completed training in Paris, the center of dissemination of knowledge, intellectual curiosity and lifelong. The wake of that traffic reaches up today, despite the progressive and permanent Anglo incidence, so we can not avoid the impression that all of us, even without realizing it, the French cultural valimiento.

Back in time. Since the revolution began on the night of August 4, 1789 the Constituent Assembly abolished feudal rights, privileges suppressed, as those of the nobility and clergy, those of the provinces and cities, as well as the powers and corporations, from the March 2, 1791. No more then require diplomas or degrees; anyone could aspire to exercise the art of healing. In revolutionary effervescence, and more precisely the 1st. Vendemiaire (September 22) of 1792, the vulgar era closes, from one month ago and the Medical School had been removed (from 1469 to 1792, rue de la Bucherie). On August 8, 1793, a decree of the Convention abolishes the College and the Academy of Surgery. The former College of Surgery (1691-1775), worked in the rue des Cordeliers (now rue de l'Ecole de Medicine since 1790). The building built by Jacques Goudoin from 1769-1786 for the Academy and School of Surgery, was affected to l'Ecole de Santé) (School of Health) on 14 Frimaire year III (December 4, 1794), which would away the old separation between medicine and surgery. Subsequently transformed into medical school by an imperial decree of March 17, 1808, requiring for entry the baccalauréat in literature.

The buildings of the Faculty of Medicine and l'Ecole Pratique Dissection (Dissection Practice School) will be restored and enlarged from 1878 to 1900, and the Dupuytren Museum of Pathology, erected in 1835, through the efforts of Orfila, Dean Faculty. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, public charity establishments of Paris, were divided into three groups: Bureau of General Hospital (Office of General Hospital), with the Pitié, the Salpêtrière, les Enfants-Trouvés, etc, which were grouped beggars, epileptics, insane, abandoned children of poor Bureau, where besides accommodation for the elderly and orphans, became home care, and the Bureau of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital comprising the namesake, Saint-Louis, Les Incurables, and Sainte-Anne. This structure is also abolished by the Revolution, which instituted by the Constituent Assembly, a committee of Begging in charge of reorganizing public services. After many ups and downs, the Paris hospitals find their autonomy under the Board in 1796, and administered by a committee of five members. In this atmosphere of confusion, unfolding in the practice of medicine, and operation of hospital organizations, is that there is the institution of Medicine and Surgery Internship in hospitals and hospices civilians in Paris, which had as its main virtue, to unify disjointed initiatives in principle, and to harmonize, coordinate and organize intelligence and efforts, which otherwise were doomed to work in isolation, inefficiently. Before 1802, physicians and surgeons of the hospitals of Paris, were assisted in their work by persons designated by them, and called "companions" or "wannabe". The need for medical students were inmates in hospitals, had been scheduled already Vicqd'Azir in 1790, and in 1797 Thouret. It is then that the 27 year Nivose IX (17 January 1801), during the Consulate, establishing the General Council of the Hospitals of Paris, in view of the unification of the hospital charts. The Council expects the Commission to develop a regulation, and that would be composed of six members: Cullerier citizens, Deschamps, Gastaldy, Pelletan, Thauraux and Thouret. The latter was then the Director of l'Ecole de Santé. Finally, the 4 year Windy X (February 23, 1802), is signed regulations to the Health Service of the Hospitals of Paris. This regulation does not persisted more than a manuscript copy, which Durand-Fardel played in 1902 at the Centennial Jubilee Book of Internship (Ed. G. Steinheil, Paris 1902). Of the 121 articles of this Regulation, in February creating the institution of internal and external recruitment by competition, must first be passed through the external condition. The document was signed by the Minister of the Interior at the time, Chaptal, Montpellier doctor himself. The first contest was opened on 26 Fructidor (13 September 1802), with four jurors: Giraud, Laporte, Lanefranque Lepreux and elected by the General Council of the Administration, including physicians and surgeons of hospitals and hospices in Paris. That memorable year of 1802, says two other events: the death of the great Bichat, and the inaugural thesis of Laurent Bayle, in the first generation. This promotion included inmates holders, as the interim were created in 1821. He then told with 24 privileged history. Day students in medicine and surgery, were only those who could aspire to compete, with a minimum of one year of service, to be outside should be 18 years to 24 years maximum. No details are known of the contest of 1802, but seems to have been more of a verbal examination. The first in the first internal promotion was Jean-Baptiste Louis-Alin, Saône-et-Loire. The anonymous testing condition was brought into effect only in 1816. In that year the urn was placed in 85 questions, to be drawn, instead of three then. In 1822 foreign students admitted to the competition, and in 1885 women. Interestingly, the first woman nominated Internal was Mlle. Klumpke, U.S., in the contest of 1886 (No. 16), who would later become the wife of the great Dejerine. Tests and minutes of the first contest were kept until they were destroyed by the fire of the Hôtel de Ville during the Commune, in 1871. The second generation was Magendie (Fig 1), the father of the writer Flaubert (3rd) was fourth. In the year 1810 the competition included a written question to be resolved in 3 hours under the supervision of a member of the jury, and the leaves were read subsequently signed expresses meeting. The oral understood a question of Anatomy and Pathology, treated in 6 to 10 minutes, with a similar previous time of reflection.

The contest opened boarding not always at the same time, from 1806 was made by October, so that the elect would take office on the 1st. January. Later, as the number of candidates increases, the duration of the competition is greater, and from about 1886, became the new interns on taking office in February (1893), in April (1894). The jury was composed of seven members, selected from physicians' l'Assistance Publique "since 1831. But in 1869 spent ten: four physicians, four surgeons and two obstetricians. In 1895 the jury was divided into two sections of five: a section for Anatomy, Pathology and one for. The tests, one written and one oral, as stated above, are made until 1815 in the Assembly Hall of the Council of the Hospices. From 1816 he was in the main building of the administration of the hospice, rue Neuve-Notre Dame No. 2, and in late 1858 the central government is installed in the building of the Assistance Publique, rue des Victoires. There were two amphitheaters, a small one and a larger one demolished in 1903, where the tests were done. Candidates under great stress at the time, wrote them on his knees, in a really awkward position.

A photo of the amphitheater can be seen in the book of Proverbs Mañé Garzón on Pedro Visca. Since 1891 the written test will be in the room at the Hôtel Saint-Jean de Ville. Readings, and oral evidence are both referred amphitheater, as in those of the various hospitals. The first consisted of Anatomy and Pathology themes, provided two hours to comply. The public reading was done in a more relaxed atmosphere, and was in 1831 by the candidate, under the watchful eye, friendly but watchful companion called "gendarme". Cruel was waiting for the oral, where candidates were called without notice, by lot, for it must be attentive, sometimes for consecutive weeks at the local rather sinister. The fateful announcement summoned him to expose the two questions in ten minutes, after as many thought. Moreover, the court could add another question if you think relevant. This oral presentation was displayed partiality of the jury, so often denounced. Between the first and the second, on the night of written composition, and well before knowing the result, the famous dance was performed interns, so well described in the novel by André Soubiran: "Men in White". Every year it reserved the "salle de Bullier" for these purposes. All foreign element is outlawed, except under special invitation, although dependent decorated artists of the time. There the future doctors gave vent to his youthful frenzy where costumes are not spared, "damsels invited" outside the walls, floor, with satirical representations for teachers, spicy songs, which still remain in the tradition of "Carabin" (student Medicine, in the jargon). These have been published in hard, and even printed (Bréviaire du Carabin). Let's take a sample for testing topics, written in 1810 on the left: "the peritoneum, the inflammation, and paracentesis." For oral: List the parts that go into the making of the tongue use. History of tongue cancer, talk of procedure of which serves to remove the diseased part. Indicate which signs can be obtained from the inspection of the language in the various types of fever. "Problem proposed in 1833, resulted in satires and jokes that last, in relation to the status of fact:" An excavator falls into a black hole even full. What are the different symptoms presented, and what are the various resources used, following the degrees of the disease. "In 1902 was written for the" Median nerve "and" Symptoms and diagnosis of exophthalmic goiter. "Maximum score was : for composition written in Anatomy, 15 points; Pathology 15; oral 20 (1895). Actual results were given in a formal and solemn until 1884, where contestants were digested troubled four speeches: one by the CEO the "Assistance Publique", and one for each group of three jurors: the externship, the boarding, and prizes. preparation was done by readings and lectures, many of which ended up becoming paid, and in charge of internal headlines . was formed groups led by one or two of them, who had already given the subsequent contests physician or surgeon of the hospital, and aggregation. As time went on, this contest became increasingly difficult, and was rare to find a young student submitted before the 5th. career year, preparing itself could sue two or three years. But the effort that benefited not only accessed, but left their remnants training, by the iron preparation, on those who were out for their misfortune. Contest will interns every year, except in periods of great national drama: Sedan, the Great War 1914-1918; 1940. their functions lasted four years, with rotations one. Administration agreed to house them instead of functions, and feed them, apart from cash. course early in maladaptive environments, the accommodation was not comfortable, and I felt not enough to cover expenses most elementary. Thus, inmates who did not have family support, had to obtain other resources, as they were directed anatomy classes for those who began their studies. spent the morning visiting with the customary pattern, whose arrival was announced by a bell is accompanied presentándosele news and new patients. During this visit the inmate received direct clinical teaching of his master. then cures were made, bandages, etc., then perform the autopsies of Service .

By noon we have lunch at the "Salle de Garde" (emergency room) where as until today, they talked about general issues, politics, philosophy, art, medical information was exchanged and queries were processed. By 5 pm, after going through the library and study, or to the dissecting room of Clamart (1833) (Fig. 2) or the Faculty, the lab, or to prepare for an exam, contravisita made to control the seriously ill, and view entries.

In these contravisitas the inmate was sometimes accompanied by individual students. To 19 pm. already dined, to go to sleep soon after starting "whist", but later prevailed "baccarat". La Salle de Garde is room for the common life: living room with kitchen, and the obligatory piano, library, and dormitories for prisoners on duty. These should resolve cases submitted to them, helping to operate, or operate their own emergencies, which may correspond to the control. The guard was in the hands of domestic, as signified outside consultations, and internal. If leaving the ER, should draw on a blackboard where he had gone into the hospital. The prescribed medication the following day would be endorsed by the department head. This was organized by the inmate if they deemed it necessary (1898). This function is in hospital, in direct and permanent contact with the sick, the young medical students learned a profession essentially practical, low parental monitoring austere teachers. This would allow rigid forged bravely face the harsh struggle for life in the daily comings and goings. The pattern has its internal and necessary ancillary and related rule-making as the experience left him as a former intern. So not really consider subordinates, and treats them with paternalism, affection and indulgence. At boarding camaraderie was fortified in the emergency room, where young people from the most diverse regions of France, and from different social backgrounds, and even from abroad, shared hardships and dreams, always subject to the same tough training and discipline freely consented. The weekend was the continued perfection, through the progress of knowledge, and the same observance of duty. In 1827 he transformed the old "Societé Hippocratique" (1814) in "Societe Generale des des Hopitaux Internes". (Company internal general hospitals) All inmates were ex officio members, and were required to submit at least one job every three months, in meetings on Mondays at 19:30. The anatomical training was completed at the amphitheater of Clamart (rue du Fer à Moulin, on the site of the ancient cemetery of Clamart and Sainte-Catherine), which became operational from 1833. A third of the unclaimed bodies from hospitals of Paris, was sent there, the rest of the faculty. This amphitheater was reserved for the internal and external, and of course the service chiefs. Once qualified as a medical doctor should leave office (1836), except that gold reached, who could in his 4th. years to continue in office (1831). At the end, everyone received their bronze medal in metal brief condensation of a whole period of trial and sacrifice. He has been accused of being an elite, but the historical development has proven to be the locomotive that pulls the whole French medical training. The proof of its worth is that this institution is spread throughout the country, and was even adopted by others, like ours. It is in this environment austere, almost monastic, formed as Pedro Visca Teachers and Alfredo Navarro: the first distinguished professor of medicine in Uruguay, the second Professor of Surgery marking school. The guard rooms were subject to romantic descriptions, and others less so. But the reality is that, were a real center of attraction for writers, painters, dramatic artists, politicians of the time like Gambetta, were special guests, who liked to know the mysterious and tragic life of suffering. So the guard room of the Charité was frequented not only by the residents of l'Ecole des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts) but by writers such as Alphonse Daudet, Flaubert. The Goncourt come to the Charité in 1860, documented eager for preparing novel: "Soeur Philomène" Sister Philomena) Jules Claretie for "Les Amours d'un internet" (The Loves of an inmate). Flaubert himself attended Sainte-Eugenie to describe the "croup" of small Arnoux, in "Sentimental Education". (Sentimental Education) is necessary to recognize the liberal tendency, natural in the young of the era, in 1869 one could read in large letters on the roof of the old Salle de Garde Hôtel-Dieu: "Il suffit pour enfant broyer one qu'un Trône souléve one pavé." (It is enough to burn a throne that a boy raised a cobblestone) Gambetta had expressed: "Le corps de l" est un milieu Internat prospère ensemencer pour les idées de liberté et de justice ". (The body of the internship is half sembra prosperous for ideas of freedom and justice). Lasègue had to Baudelaire as "Internal". They were invited, among other men of letters, renowned writers such as Paul Bourget, Robert Desnos, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Monselet. Verlaine poems dedicated numerous inmates who nursed him during his illness. Among the musicians, there were Leo Delibes and Massenet. This environment was therefore to some extent, a forge of the intellect of the day: Saint-Beuve was temporary internal; Louis Veron first contest of 1820, a student of Boyer, Dupuytren, of Chomat and Guersant; waiver of medicine to become the Director of the Paris Opera. There among former inmates, who were not dedicated to the clinic, but pure science: Magendie, Claude Bernard, Marey, Charles Richet, anatomists as Cruveilhier, Sappey and Farabeuf; histologists as Ranvier; naturalists as Lacaze-Duthiers and Baillon; bacteriologists as Maurice and Charles Nicolle, and also as a philosopher and philologist Littre. As for the awards, Article 105 of Regulation 4 Windy X year, provided that each year would be granted: a gold medal and two silver between internal medicine and surgery. Later would contest in two divisions: one for the 3rd. and 4th. year, and the second for the 1st. and 2nd .. Who received the gold medal of the first division, could serve for two additional years. In 1888, amending the regulations of this competition, which will be for internal 4th year, in two groups, one for physicians and one for surgeons and obstetricians. The feast was established in 1852 Internship at the restaurant Provençaux des Frères (Brothers of Provinces) where he summoned the former inmates and those who were in office. But all was not happiness. At that time the chemotherapy and antibiotics were unknown, the inmates were at risk of pollution either by daily contact, as with diphtheria when performing tracheostomy, for small abrasions in the operating room, or in the autopsy, but above all they were exposed in times of epidemics such as typhoid, cholera and scarlet fever. In 1839 Pierre-Edouard Bujon at Hôtel-Dieu, performing an autopsy, piebald undergoes a bone fragment. The next day, swollen arm, the young Internal rotation of 3a, anticipating his tragic end, and does his will lie resigned. Died two days later. Another tragic case was that of Henry Vadon (like Fauraytier in 1843) who accidentally inoculated a cancer in the palm of your hand. This internal unhappy with widespread cancer died despite multiple surgeries performed LECENE mutilating it. In the centenary year of internship in 1902, a committee was formed "ad hoc", chaired by Brouardel, with Durand-Fardel secretariat, who then published the book of Jubilee. The solemn meeting would be chaired by President of the Council of Ministers, Waldeck-Rousseau (Interior Minister), on Saturday May 24. On Sunday 25, the Corps made up of its 1796 Internship surviving members, decided to honor their dead in service, for which inaugurated the monument that immortalizes the sculptor and architect Denys Puech Belouet, which today can be seen in the courtyard of the Hôtel-Dieu. The list begins only in 1839, and is probably incomplete. (Fig 3) Among the diseases for which they died, can be identified: three cases of typhoid, cholera 4, 5 from diphtheria, one of smallpox, and 4 anatomical excoriation. To help the homeless families by these misfortunes, was created in 1833 "l'Association Amicale des Anciens Internes Internes et des Hôpitaux de Paris" (Friendly Association of Interns and former inmates of Hospitals of Paris), recognized by the government as public utility. Of old Paris hospitals, some have disappeared. Ricord Hospital that remains is the facade that can be seen in the Boulevard de Port-Royal. From Trousseau's nothing left, just a square. In it, Prof. Jolly saw counts as Emile Roux apply diphtheria serum that had begun testing some months earlier in "les Enfants Malades" with Martin and Chaillous. As an example of the life he led a teacher at the time, relates that Dieulafoy Jolly stood at 7 throughout the year at 7.30 saw the barber. After visiting some private patients and his elderly mother. At 9:30 exactly, in a "coupe" of two horses, entered the courtyard of the Hôtel Dieu. Inmates gathered and questioned about service developments. The tour began in Saint-Christophe room, and then went to the Sainte-Jeanne, bed by bed, followed by his colleagues and students. At that time in France who Dieulafoy was more stressed early diagnosis of appendicitis, and operation without delay. Dupuytren, of unfailing health, arrived at the hospital around five in the morning, and its inmates were forced to appear.

The oldest hospital in Paris, after the Hôtel Dieu, was that of La Charité. Its chapel built by de Cotte in 1732, transformed in 1789 into the "Temple of the Raison" (Temple of Reason) and it is in the Academy of Medicine takes home from 1849 to 1901. There still echoes of the voices of Pasteur, Claude Bernard and Berthelot. In this hospital taught surgery: Denonvilliers, Gerdy and Duplay, and medicine: Bayle, Rayer, Andral, Cruveilhier, Pidoux, Laboulben, Constantin, Paul, Brouardel, Cornil, Bouchard ... Currently you can get an idea of what was the guardroom of the Charité, thanks to the Musée de l "Assistance Publique" (Museum of public assistance), 47 Quai de la Tournelle in Paris. This hospital was demolished in 1935 to build the new medical school, only the chapel remains. La Salle de Garde was recreated with scrupulous accuracy by Yvan Gaussen. (Fig. 4) The green brocade upholstered wall (which looks more like a reception hall, a hospital that) hang the famous medallions eternalize who signed that transited and chatted between those walls: St. Baron, Français, Vernier , Gustave Doré, Dupuy, E. Velpeau Guet, Foullongue, Achard, and among them, Piorry, Ball, J. Simon, Bouillaud, A. Despres, Delpech, Charcot, Guyon, Tarnier, Broca, Depaul, Gubler, Tardieu, in a total of 55.
There is a composition Freyer-Perrin as allegory: "Le Criminel du Temple de la Science" (The criminal temple of science). It Velpeau and Internal Fauvel, who expose the anathema. Gustave Doré is: "I hommmages recevant Esculape des Médecins" (Aesculapius receives the homage of the doctors) of Guet: "The sur le Cadavre Leçon" (the lesson on the corpse), showing Bouilllard. Was also Gerveux box exposing Péan teaching at Saint Louis Hospital use of hemostat, now admires the "Quai d'Orsay" (Musée d'Orsay) There are also preserved paintings of Gustave Doré other Baron and Harpignies. Paul Richer in 1877 has made a painting figuring out the masquerade, where you can recognize Hutinel, Campenon, and Segond Letulle. This museum also disposes of all work created by those former inmates: the tensiometer Vaquez, neighbor caliper Terrier, Nelaton probe, materials and Mantoux intradermal Widal serodiagnosis. It also presents the "instruments of torture" as the box that held the cards with the names of the candidates, the letterhead of the Assistance Publique, etc. Drawings are saved even the jury, made by the candidates, and in turn, the latter cartoons by members of the court. The Charité had generations of great prestige in 1857 and 1858 were called Interns: Broca, Robin, Charcot, Gubler, Follin, and Simon Despres. Later, inmates migrated to another room, which was the old chapel of deceased priests. The guard room was decorated in 1892 by four students of JP Laurens, then also Internal: Claisse, Pauchet, Braquehaye, Chipault and Cazin. The story deserves to be made a brief, though necessarily limited and incomplete way about the different internal promotions, which somehow acquired celebrity. Some of the first generations were mentioned at the beginning, but still: 1809 - Béclard and Lisfranc, 1810 - Cloquet (2nd) 1811 - Cruveilhier, 1815 - Sedillot; 1816 - Bourgery; 1830-Denonvilliers; 1836 - Sappey, 1838 - Tardieu , 1848 - Potain, Charcot, Trelat, Vulpian, 1853 - Felix Guyon, 1855 - Péan, 1857 - Tillaux, 1858 - Simon Duplay (guard nephew Robespierre) 1862 - Charles Bouchard (1st), Louis Faure, Le Dentu, Terrier, Lannelongue; 1864 - Farabeuf; 1865 - Dieulafoy (1st), Lucas-Championière, Reverdin, Bourneville, Tardieu, Amedee, 1867 - Ch Monod, Huchard; 1868 - Rendu, Pedro Visca (5th, Uruguay) , Samuel Pozzi, Peyrot, 1871 - Reclus, Landouzy, H. Duret, 1872 - Charles Richet, Henri Parinaud, 1874 - Paul Richer (3rd), Dejerine, Letulle; 1875 - Brissaud, Nelaton, Jalaguier, Quenu, Segond, 1876 - Ch Labbé, Doléris, 1877 - Chauffard, Paul Poirier, Joseph Carafí (Uruguay) who came to Teaching Assistant Anatomy at the University of Montpellier, 1878 - Pierre-Marie, Victor Ménard, 1879 - Babinski, Tuffier; 1881 - Marfan Thoinot, Hartmann, Le Gendre, Gilles de la Tourette, Durand-Fardel, Doyen Eugène trephine creator name, Poupinel; 1883 - Lejars, 1884 - Joaquin Albarran (1st, Cuba) future professor of urology in Paris, Pierre Sebileau (famed anatomist and first ORL), Pierre Delbet , Klippel, Rieffel, Moulonguet, Vaquez, Widal; (from 1886 indicates the date of taking possession); 1887 - Souqués, Chopard, Mlle. Klumpke (USA), Jean Faure, 1888 - Felix Guyon, Chipault Antony, pioneer of neurosurgery in France, 1889 - Cestan, 1890 - Paul Delbet, Raymond Sabouraud, 1891 - Jean Charcot, 1892 - Victor Pauchet (1st), Navarro Alfredo (4th, Uruguay), Emile Sergent, Leon Frey, Thévenard, 1893 - Thomas André, Claude Henri, Pierre Fredet (Anatomist: Embryology wrote the peritoneum-Poirier in the Treaty, in terms of surgical technique, created the submucosa of the pyloric section, to treat your stenosis in the newborn); 1894 - Gosset, Proust Robert (brother of writer, student Pozzi; replaced in the chair of Gynecology at Faure JL) 1895 - Cuneo, Ombredanne, J Sicard, Branca, Cestan, 1896 - Roux, Marcille, Felix Veron, 1897 - Lenormant (1st), Felix Devé; 1898 - Georges Guillain (1st)., Pierre Duval, 1899 - Laignel-Lavastine, Lortat-Jacob, Gregoire, LECENE; 1900 - Baumgartner, Crouzon, 1901 - Jean Lhermitte, Okinczyc; 1905 - Hovelacque, 1906 - Charles Foix (gold medal), pathologist and anatomist who renewed knowledge on the cerebral circulation. The influence of patterns, always felt in the boarding contests, and direct as well. For his first contest of the boarding, Charcot obtained a letter of recommendation from Dr. Regnier, who was one of his external, to Dr. Blanche, then a member of the tribunal. Despite glowing terms, Charcot was not elected, and had to wait for the next year (5th place in promoting the December 16, 1848). In 1862 he was appointed head of service at the Salpêtrière, while Vulpian not only classmate, but one of his rare close friends. There in the Salpêtrière, Charcot neurological built his incomparable work. Perhaps one of the families that had more to Charcot, was with Daudet. But apparently the contest was admitted in 1890 that separated them since the last accused Charcot's son, Jean, had entered through parental influences on the jury, upon the removal of Leon Daudet, because it had rejected sentimentally to the daughter of the great Master, to marry Jeanne Hugo. But the legend at the Salpêtrière transmitted from generation to generation, says Leon Daudet had actually failed by their deficiencies in knowledge of the subject touched in luck: "Nerfs vaisseaux et du pied the plant." Charcot dead, Daudet published in 1894 "Les Morticoles", where you can see the great Pattern (Charcot), in all its omnipotence ally subservience of others. According to Leon Daudet has, Charcot came every morning to serve with its imposing severity and tended two fingers of his hand to the head of clinics, and a finger to each of its inmates, while sending a contemptuous glance around the rest of the present, and a vague smile to their foreign counterparts. But Jean Charcot navigation mattered more than medicine, so much so, that he died on 17 September 1936 in the North Sea, in the sinking of "Pourquois-pas? (Why not?"), Which was Captain. But where Charcot made them feel their influence, was at home (Boulevard Saint-Germain) where animated meetings on Tuesdays. After dinner and selected restricted in his concurrence, following a large reception, where the medical world gathered a group of writers, artists, critics: Alphonse Daudet, Paul Arène, Theodore de Banville, Claretie, sculptors and Falquière Dalou; Garnier , the architect of l'Opera Gerome painters, Roche, and Tofano, who should be a portrait of Charcot. Students as an honor guard looked at the forefront: Bourneville, Brissau and Babinski, Fere, Gilles de la Tourette, Ballet and Pierre-Marie. Among politicians, and coming full circle as we shall see, were: Naquet, (author of the law of divorce), and Waldeck-Rousseau, who married the daughter Marie Durvis Mme. Charcot was the first marriage, herself the widow of Dr. Henry Liouville, former inmate of Vulpian. Bouchard was 1o. promotion in 1862, came to dominate French medicine towards the end of the century. His disagreements with Charcot (who described miliary aneurysms lenticule-striatal arteries as a cause of cerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive, 1868), prevented the student from this, Babinski, agreed to Prof. Added. Farabeuf the great French master of anatomy, was promoting 1864 (14o.) Verneuil internal being presented to attached to the teaching profession. Broca was sworn after the contest ended, he found Verneuil, asking if he knew a certain Farabeuf, who had led a remarkable candidate, but was left out because no one knew. The next day Verneuil internal asks her: "Tell me little, it was you who competed for Deputy?". - "Yes sir" - was the answer. "Little fool, why do not you tell me?, Had been nominated." Jacques Reverdin belonged to the promotion of 1865, and in 1869 obtained the gold medal. Returned to their country of origin, in Geneva, accumulated great experience in total thyroidectomy, and describes the postoperative myxedema. Besides, who does not know in France the needle bearing his name. Dig into the generation of 1868. We at Master Pedro Visca, whose excellent biography owe to Prof. Dr. Mañé Garzón, had left for France in 1861, taking advantage of a government grant. He received his Ph.D. in April 1870, and became involved in the fighting of the Commune of 1871, before returning to Uruguay. Samuel Pozzi of the same promotion, was who edited the first treatise on gynecology in France. In the book of Prof. Dr. Jorge Lockhart on the history of Maciel Hospital, which distinguishes a photo pose: Pedro Visca, Samuel Pozzi and Arrizabalaga, on a visit of the former to Montevideo. Towards the end of the Great War in 1918, a victim of a patient who had operated alienated years earlier. With four bullets in the abdomen, underwent emergency surgery by Thierry de Martel, but died in surgery. Paul Richer intern in 1874, coupled with his medical condition, your quality of excellent cartoonist in 1890 published an Atlas of Artistic Anatomy. Accompanying these qualities, his ability as a sculptor, specializing in pathological types was seen in the Salpêtrière: Bust of a myopathic, a lady with lip-glosolaríngea paralysis, statuettes of Parkinson's disease, infantile myxedema, etc. He is known for his teacher Charcot etching and by the medallions bearing the likeness of his colleagues: Marey, Lannelongue, Pierre Delbet, Lucas-Championnière, Hutinel, Landouzy, etc. Paul Poirier, the famous anatomist, belonged to the promotion of 1877, always said he had a bachelor then heartbreak during his internship. From then on had a particularly light life, worldly, even licentious. He wore his conquests to l'Ecole Pratique Dissection (Dissection Practice School) where he was staying. Intimate friend of Waldeck-Rousseau, when he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, did not hesitate to bring Germany to Kehr to operate. This earned him harsh criticism in France, at a time when even the echoes of Sedan weighed in addition to surgical undermining national pride.

Despite all his efforts, the results of the scan were bad and fast: the politician died in 1905. Two years later, Paul Poirier died on May 2, 1907, also of pancreatic cancer that he had been diagnosed. In the will, demanded that an autopsy, so the diagnosis could be confirmed. The same, conducted by Professor Cornil, aided Chauffard, Pierre-Marie, Cuneo, Liouville, James, I checked. In the promotion of 1892, which came in 1st place Pauchet Victor, was present on the 4th., Alfredo Navarro. Just as Visca, profited a grant from the government of his country, thanks to good grades in high school, his desire to bring training to France in 1887, with only 17 years. His return was accompanied by a great breath of fresh air. Meanwhile Victor Pauchet (Somme), excelled in surgical technique. Even though not completed his academic career, concurred surgeons everywhere to Amiens to see him operate. Among the highlights to be known, are indicated: The Pratique Chirurgicale Illustrée, Chirugie of the Prostate, L'Anatomie in Poche, (Anatomy in the pocket) L'Anesthesie Regionale. The student of Paul Poirier, Cuneo, enters the 1st. contest in 1894 (entered in 1895), wrote the volume of cranial nerves, the Treaty of Anatomy, and the original volume of the lymphatic system. This generation is Sicard, who in his passage with Brissaud, he was drawn to the affections of the nervous system. We owe CSF studies: the importance of marked albumino-cytological dissociation, and introduced lipiodol myelography. Finally, as an anecdote worthy of being highlighted, is the one that occurred in the 1898 contest, where someone very upset, perhaps because the wording of the questions, could not think of anything better to throw sulfuric acid in the urn containing the evidence; many were destroyed, including that of LECENE, Hartmann student, who had to repeat it, and enter. Already being an accomplished surgeon, is the first in France in a tumor successfully removed compressing the medulla, in 1911.

Started the new century, the internship is does not vary, the characters are more recent, and deserve another story.

THANKS

We owe to Dr. Alfredo Navarro Lussich Pr, unrepentant Francophile, now deceased, who with his proverbial kindness and gentleness, we reached interns Jubilee Book (1902), which belonged to his illustrious father, and that should be a single copy in these latitudes. It turned the focus of this article, go to him our homage.

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